Slobodna Dalmacija - Zašto neki ljudi nisu dobili covid? Znanstvenici smatraju da bi upravo ‘otporni na koronu‘ mogli biti formula spasa za ostale

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Znate li i vi nekoga tko uopće nije provodio anti-covid mjere, često se izlagao virusu, a uopće se nije zarazio tijekom ove dvije godine? I još k tome je partner osobi koja je završila u bolnici na aparatima zbog covida? Skupina znanstvenika osnovala je konzorcij ‘Covid Human Genetic Effort’ želeći otkriti da li se tajna imuniteta ovih ljudi nalaziti u njihovim genima i može li to biti ključ za borbu protiv koronavirusa.

András Spaan, klinički mikrobiolog sa Sveučilišta Rockefeller u New Yorku, dobio je zadaću doći do takvih ljudi, a odaziv na poruku u časopisu Nature Immunology bio je ogroman; dosad su primili oko 15.000 prijava iz cijelog svijeta, piše ugledni američki magazin Wired, a prenosi tportal.

Povijesni primjeri ukazuju na genetske mutacije koje daju prirodni imunitet protiv HIV-a, norovirusa i uzročnika malarije. Zašto bi covid bio drugačiji? Ipak, zadatak je bio izazovan.

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Samo oko 800 do tisuću prijavljen ispunilo je kriterij – da su se vjerojatno susreli s virusom, ali nemaju antitijela (što bi ukazivalo na infekciju) i da nisu cijepljeni. Potom je turbo zarazni omikron dodatno srezao brojku. Istovremeno, Cliona O’Farrelly, profesorica komparativne imunologije na Trinity Collegeu u Dublinu, krenula je s regrutiranjem u Irskoj. Od 16.000 prijavljenih, nada se da će nakon sekvenciranja DNK moći ‘iskoristiti’ njih sto ili dvjesto.

Pristup će biti dvojak: tragat će za možebitno ponavljajućim varijacijama gena dok će se istodobno pruočavati posebni geni, poput onog koji kodira ACE2 receptor, protein na površini stanica koji virus koristi za ulazak. Konzorcij računa na oko 50 centara za sekvenciranje diljem svijeta, od Poljske preko Brazila do Italije, gdje će se podaci obrađivati.

Popis još nije konačan, a testiranje utjecaja gena na obranu od covida u staničnim modelima trajat će četiri do šest mjeseci, procjenjuje Donald Vinh, izvanredni profesor na Odsjeku za medicinu na Sveučilištu McGill u Kanadi.

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Dodatnu komplikaciju mogla bi predstavljati heterogenost

Dodatnu komplikaciju mogla bi predstavljati heterogenost: Slaveni neće nužno imati istu genetsku varijaciju koja daje otpornost kao ljudi s jugoistoka Azije. Usto, malo je vjerojatno da će jedan gen dati imunitet, a ne niz genetskih varijacija koje se spajaju. Znanstvenici očekuju da će se prirođena genetska otpornost vjerojatno pokazati iznimno rijetkom.

Ipak, ako pronađu takve gene, to bi moglo pomoći u budućim tretmanima. Primjer iz 1990-ih: skupina seksualnih radnica u Nairobiju, u Keniji, prkosila je svakoj logici time što se nije zarazila HIV-om tijekom tri godine naknadnog testiranja.

Otkriveno je da neke nose genetsku mutaciju koja onemogućuje virusu da se pričvrsti na protein CCR5 na površini stanice. Iz njihove prirodne otpornosti na HIV proizašao je lijek maravirok, kao i obećavajući tretman protiv AIDS-a, nakon što su dvojica pacijenata primila matične stanice donora s tom mutacijom i na taj način se oslobodili HIV-a.

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Može li rješenje biti samo u imunološkom sustavu?

Mala Maini, profesorica virusne imunologije na Sveučilištu u Londonu, i njezini kolege utvrdili su da bi memorijske T stanice – imunološke stanice koje čine drugu liniju obrane protiv stranog napadača, uspavane od prijašnjih sukoba s drugim koronavirusima, poput onih koji uzrokuju običnu prehladu – mogle pružati unakrsnu zaštitu protiv SARS-CoV-2. Drugim riječima, T-stanice uništavaju virus prije nego što dobije priliku utaboriti se u tijelu domaćina.

“Ti se ljudi nisu u potpunosti oduprli infekciji, ali su je eliminirali tako brzo da se nije stigla otkriti standardnim testom”, kazala je Maini, čiji je rad objavljen u Natureu u studenom 2021., a teoriju su potvrdile i druge studije.

Maini radi i na cjepivu, zajedno s istraživačima sa Sveučilišta u Oxfordu koje inducira T-stanice u sluznicama dišnih putova i moglo bi ponuditi široku zaštitu protiv raznih vrsta koronavirusa, piše magazin Wired, a prenosi tportal.

Takvo cjepivo moglo bi biti ključno jer dok je spike protein – fokus trenutnih cjepiva – podložan mutaciji i promjenama, T-stanice ciljaju na dijelove virusa koji su vrlo slični u svim ljudskim i životinjskim koronavirusima.

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Znate li i vi nekoga tko uopće nije provodio anti-covid mjere, često se izlagao virusu, a uopće se nije zarazio tijekom ove dvije godine? I još k tome je partner osobi koja je završila u bolnici na aparatima zbog covida? Skupina znanstvenika osnovala je konzorcij ‘Covid Human Genetic Effort’ želeći otkriti da li se tajna imuniteta ovih ljudi nalaziti u njihovim genima i može li to biti ključ za borbu protiv koronavirusa.

András Spaan, klinički mikrobiolog sa Sveučilišta Rockefeller u New Yorku, dobio je zadaću doći do takvih ljudi, a odaziv na poruku u časopisu Nature Immunology bio je ogroman; dosad su primili oko 15.000 prijava iz cijelog svijeta, piše ugledni američki magazin Wired, a prenosi tportal.

Povijesni primjeri ukazuju na genetske mutacije koje daju prirodni imunitet protiv HIV-a, norovirusa i uzročnika malarije. Zašto bi covid bio drugačiji? Ipak, zadatak je bio izazovan.

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Samo oko 800 do tisuću prijavljen ispunilo je kriterij – da su se vjerojatno susreli s virusom, ali nemaju antitijela (što bi ukazivalo na infekciju) i da nisu cijepljeni. Potom je turbo zarazni omikron dodatno srezao brojku. Istovremeno, Cliona O’Farrelly, profesorica komparativne imunologije na Trinity Collegeu u Dublinu, krenula je s regrutiranjem u Irskoj. Od 16.000 prijavljenih, nada se da će nakon sekvenciranja DNK moći ‘iskoristiti’ njih sto ili dvjesto.

Pristup će biti dvojak: tragat će za možebitno ponavljajućim varijacijama gena dok će se istodobno pruočavati posebni geni, poput onog koji kodira ACE2 receptor, protein na površini stanica koji virus koristi za ulazak. Konzorcij računa na oko 50 centara za sekvenciranje diljem svijeta, od Poljske preko Brazila do Italije, gdje će se podaci obrađivati.

Popis još nije konačan, a testiranje utjecaja gena na obranu od covida u staničnim modelima trajat će četiri do šest mjeseci, procjenjuje Donald Vinh, izvanredni profesor na Odsjeku za medicinu na Sveučilištu McGill u Kanadi.

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Dodatnu komplikaciju mogla bi predstavljati heterogenost

Dodatnu komplikaciju mogla bi predstavljati heterogenost: Slaveni neće nužno imati istu genetsku varijaciju koja daje otpornost kao ljudi s jugoistoka Azije. Usto, malo je vjerojatno da će jedan gen dati imunitet, a ne niz genetskih varijacija koje se spajaju. Znanstvenici očekuju da će se prirođena genetska otpornost vjerojatno pokazati iznimno rijetkom.

Ipak, ako pronađu takve gene, to bi moglo pomoći u budućim tretmanima. Primjer iz 1990-ih: skupina seksualnih radnica u Nairobiju, u Keniji, prkosila je svakoj logici time što se nije zarazila HIV-om tijekom tri godine naknadnog testiranja.

Otkriveno je da neke nose genetsku mutaciju koja onemogućuje virusu da se pričvrsti na protein CCR5 na površini stanice. Iz njihove prirodne otpornosti na HIV proizašao je lijek maravirok, kao i obećavajući tretman protiv AIDS-a, nakon što su dvojica pacijenata primila matične stanice donora s tom mutacijom i na taj način se oslobodili HIV-a.

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Može li rješenje biti samo u imunološkom sustavu?

Mala Maini, profesorica virusne imunologije na Sveučilištu u Londonu, i njezini kolege utvrdili su da bi memorijske T stanice – imunološke stanice koje čine drugu liniju obrane protiv stranog napadača, uspavane od prijašnjih sukoba s drugim koronavirusima, poput onih koji uzrokuju običnu prehladu – mogle pružati unakrsnu zaštitu protiv SARS-CoV-2. Drugim riječima, T-stanice uništavaju virus prije nego što dobije priliku utaboriti se u tijelu domaćina.

“Ti se ljudi nisu u potpunosti oduprli infekciji, ali su je eliminirali tako brzo da se nije stigla otkriti standardnim testom”, kazala je Maini, čiji je rad objavljen u Natureu u studenom 2021., a teoriju su potvrdile i druge studije.

Maini radi i na cjepivu, zajedno s istraživačima sa Sveučilišta u Oxfordu koje inducira T-stanice u sluznicama dišnih putova i moglo bi ponuditi široku zaštitu protiv raznih vrsta koronavirusa, piše magazin Wired, a prenosi tportal.

Takvo cjepivo moglo bi biti ključno jer dok je spike protein – fokus trenutnih cjepiva – podložan mutaciji i promjenama, T-stanice ciljaju na dijelove virusa koji su vrlo slični u svim ljudskim i životinjskim koronavirusima.

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Amaury Cornu/Hans Lucas Via Afp

Scott Olson/Afp

Vladimir Dugandžić/Cropix

Amaury Cornu/Hans Lucas Via Afp

Scott Olson/Afp

Vladimir Dugandžić/Cropix

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