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[title] => Bolesti koje se prenose sa životinje na čovjeka sve su češće, a sad je jasno i zašto. Trebamo li se bojati nove pandemije?
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Od covida-19 do majmunskih boginja, MERS-CoV infekcije, ebole, ptičje gripe, zike i HIV-a, bolesti koje se prenose sa životinja na ljude umnožile su se posljednjih godina te su povećale bojazan od pojave novih pandemija.
Što je zoonoza?
Zoonoza je bolest ili infekcija koja se prenosi sa životinja iz potkoljena kralježnjaka na ljude i obrnuto. Patogeni uzročnici mogu biti bakterije, virusi ili paraziti.
Ove se bolesti prenose izravno tijekom kontakta između životinje i čovjeka te neizravno putem hrane ili prijenosnika, poput kukaca, pauka ili grinja. Neke bolesti na kraju postanu specifično ljudske, poput covida-19.
Prema Svjetskoj organizaciji za zdravlje životinja, 60 posto ljudskih zaraznih bolesti su zoonoze.
Koje su vrste bolesti uključene?
Pojam "zoonoze" podrazumijeva širok opseg bolesti. Neke utječu na probavni sustav kao salmoneloza, druge na dišni sustav kao ptičja i svinjska gripa te covid, a neke na živčani sustav kao bjesnoća.
Težina simptoma kod ljudi ovisi o bolesti i zaraznosti uzročnika, ali i o zaraženoj osobi koja može biti posebno osjetljiva na uzročnika.
O kojim se životinjama radi?
Šišmiši djeluju kao spremnik za mnoge viruse koji pogađaju ljude. Neki su poznati već duže vrijeme, poput virusa bjesnoće, ali mnogi su se pojavili posljednjih desetljeća, poput ebole, SARS koronavirusa, Sars-CoV-2 (koji uzrokuje covid-19) ili virusa Nipah, koji se pojavio u Aziji 1998. godine.
Jazavci, tvorovi, kune i lasice često su povezani s virusnim zoonozama, a posebno onima koje je uzrokovao koronavirus.
Ostali sisavci, poput goveda, svinja, pasa, lisica, deva i glodavaca, također često igraju ulogu posrednog domaćina. Svi virusi odgovorni za velike pandemije influence imali su ptičje podrijetlo, bilo izravno ili neizravno.
Konačno, kukci poput krpelja prijenosnici su mnogih virusnih bolesti koje pogađaju ljude.
Zašto je povećana učestalost zoonoza?
Nakon što su se pojavile prije više tisuća godina, zoonoze su se umnožile u posljednjih 20 do 30 godina. Veći broj međunarodnih putovanja omogućio im je brže širenje.
Zauzimanjem sve većih područja planeta, ljudi pridonose i narušavanju ekosustava, kao i unapređenju prijenosa virusa. Industrijski uzgoj povećava rizik od širenja patogena između životinja.
Trgovina divljim životinjama također povećava izloženost ljudi mikrobima koje mogu nositi. Krčenje šuma povećava rizik od kontakta između divljih životinja, domaćih životinja i ljudi.
Trebamo li strahovati od nove pandemije?
Klimatske promjene natjerat će mnoge životinje da napuste svoje ekosustave u potrazi za područjima povoljnijim za život, upozorilo je istraživanje koje je 2022. godine objavio znanstveni časopis Nature.
Životinjske vrste će većim miješanjem više prenositi svoje viruse, što će pospješiti pojavu novih bolesti koje bi se mogle prenositi na ljude.
"Bez preventivnih strategija, pandemije će se češće pojavljivati, brže će se širiti, ubijati više ljudi i utjecati na globalno gospodarstvo s razornijim učinkom nego ikad prije", upozorila je UN-ova Stručna skupina za biološku raznolikost u listopadu 2020. godine.
Prema procjenama objavljenim u časopisu Science 2018., postoji 1,7 milijuna nepoznatih virusa među sisavcima i pticama, od kojih 540 do 850 tisuća može zaraziti ljude.
Prije svega, širenje ljudskih aktivnosti i povećana interakcija s divljim životinjama povećavaju rizik da će virusi koji mogu zaraziti ljude "pronaći" svog domaćina.
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Od covida-19 do majmunskih boginja, MERS-CoV infekcije, ebole, ptičje gripe, zike i HIV-a, bolesti koje se prenose sa životinja na ljude umnožile su se posljednjih godina te su povećale bojazan od pojave novih pandemija.
Što je zoonoza?
Zoonoza je bolest ili infekcija koja se prenosi sa životinja iz potkoljena kralježnjaka na ljude i obrnuto. Patogeni uzročnici mogu biti bakterije, virusi ili paraziti.
Ove se bolesti prenose izravno tijekom kontakta između životinje i čovjeka te neizravno putem hrane ili prijenosnika, poput kukaca, pauka ili grinja. Neke bolesti na kraju postanu specifično ljudske, poput covida-19.
Prema Svjetskoj organizaciji za zdravlje životinja, 60 posto ljudskih zaraznih bolesti su zoonoze.
Koje su vrste bolesti uključene?
Pojam "zoonoze" podrazumijeva širok opseg bolesti. Neke utječu na probavni sustav kao salmoneloza, druge na dišni sustav kao ptičja i svinjska gripa te covid, a neke na živčani sustav kao bjesnoća.
Težina simptoma kod ljudi ovisi o bolesti i zaraznosti uzročnika, ali i o zaraženoj osobi koja može biti posebno osjetljiva na uzročnika.
O kojim se životinjama radi?
Šišmiši djeluju kao spremnik za mnoge viruse koji pogađaju ljude. Neki su poznati već duže vrijeme, poput virusa bjesnoće, ali mnogi su se pojavili posljednjih desetljeća, poput ebole, SARS koronavirusa, Sars-CoV-2 (koji uzrokuje covid-19) ili virusa Nipah, koji se pojavio u Aziji 1998. godine.
Jazavci, tvorovi, kune i lasice često su povezani s virusnim zoonozama, a posebno onima koje je uzrokovao koronavirus.
Ostali sisavci, poput goveda, svinja, pasa, lisica, deva i glodavaca, također često igraju ulogu posrednog domaćina. Svi virusi odgovorni za velike pandemije influence imali su ptičje podrijetlo, bilo izravno ili neizravno.
Konačno, kukci poput krpelja prijenosnici su mnogih virusnih bolesti koje pogađaju ljude.
Zašto je povećana učestalost zoonoza?
Nakon što su se pojavile prije više tisuća godina, zoonoze su se umnožile u posljednjih 20 do 30 godina. Veći broj međunarodnih putovanja omogućio im je brže širenje.
Zauzimanjem sve većih područja planeta, ljudi pridonose i narušavanju ekosustava, kao i unapređenju prijenosa virusa. Industrijski uzgoj povećava rizik od širenja patogena između životinja.
Trgovina divljim životinjama također povećava izloženost ljudi mikrobima koje mogu nositi. Krčenje šuma povećava rizik od kontakta između divljih životinja, domaćih životinja i ljudi.
Trebamo li strahovati od nove pandemije?
Klimatske promjene natjerat će mnoge životinje da napuste svoje ekosustave u potrazi za područjima povoljnijim za život, upozorilo je istraživanje koje je 2022. godine objavio znanstveni časopis Nature.
Životinjske vrste će većim miješanjem više prenositi svoje viruse, što će pospješiti pojavu novih bolesti koje bi se mogle prenositi na ljude.
"Bez preventivnih strategija, pandemije će se češće pojavljivati, brže će se širiti, ubijati više ljudi i utjecati na globalno gospodarstvo s razornijim učinkom nego ikad prije", upozorila je UN-ova Stručna skupina za biološku raznolikost u listopadu 2020. godine.
Prema procjenama objavljenim u časopisu Science 2018., postoji 1,7 milijuna nepoznatih virusa među sisavcima i pticama, od kojih 540 do 850 tisuća može zaraziti ljude.
Prije svega, širenje ljudskih aktivnosti i povećana interakcija s divljim životinjama povećavaju rizik da će virusi koji mogu zaraziti ljude "pronaći" svog domaćina.
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12. svibanj 2024 23:47
