SD Dojavi
OSMRTNICE
PRETPLATA
PREMIUM
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Ljudi često pretpostavljaju da je kapitalizam generički sustav proizvodnje, trgovine i distribucije sredstava. Ali on je, naravno, mnogo više od toga. Jer, svaki socioekonomski sistem je, u stvari, sama matrica društvene stvarnosti, po čijoj se mreži sudionici kreću, na kojoj se nastanjuju, unutar koje hvataju plijen i u kojoj se koprcaju.

Kako bi utvrdili efekte koje kapitalizam nameće njegovim konzumentima na samoj egzistencijalnoj bazi - onoj zdravstvenoj - istraživači Guddi Singh sa King‘s College u Londonu i Jason Hickel sa Sveučilišta u Barceloni su prvo definirali nekoliko njegovih ključnih značajki. Prvo, on je nedemokratski jer proizvodnju (i raspodjelu viška) uglavnom određuje bogata elita, koja kontrolira većinu investicijskih sredstava, imovine i bira direktore poduzeća. Drugo, unutar ovog sustava svrha proizvodnje nije prvenstveno zadovoljiti ljudske potrebe ili poboljšati društvene rezultate, već maksimizirati rast, profit i akumulaciju. Treće, s obzirom na usredotočenost na profite i akumulaciju, postoji stalni pritisak da se "pojeftine" inputi - posebno rad i priroda - smanjivanjem plaća i cijena resursa, uz eksternalizaciju društvenih i ekoloških šteta.

U svom radu "Kapitalogena bolest: društvene odrednice u fokusu" znanstvenici se referiraju na povijesnog geografa Jasona Moorea, koji je upotrijebio pojam kapitalogena kako bi precizirao da ekološka kriza s kojom se trenutno suočavamo nije samo prirodni fenomen ili problem uzrokovan generičkom ljudskom aktivnošću, već je proizveden kapitalističkim sustavom proizvodnje i procesima akumulacije kapitala. 

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Singh i Hickel su pak odlučili ovaj izraz testirati u domeni medicinskih dijagnoza i zdravstvene nejednakosti. Ilustrirali su svoje teorije na osam konkretnih primjera.

1) Bolesti povezane s korporativnim promoviranjem štetnih proizvoda

Dobro je poznato da je duhanska industrija - osobito prije 1990-ih - težila maksimiziranju rasta i profita pribjegavanjem agresivnim marketinškim tehnikama, pokušajima poticanja ovisnosti o svojim proizvodima i lobiranjem protiv vladinih propisa, sve do točke povećanja prevalencija raka i srodnih bolesti. Sličnu taktiku koriste tvrtke koje promoviraju slatku ili visoko prerađenu hranu, što može pogoršati prevalenciju dijabetesa te drugih metaboličkih i kardiovaskularnih problema. Važno je primijetiti da je komercijalno ponašanje o kojemu je riječ ovdje organizirano isključivo oko ciljeva akumulacije kapitala. Ta dinamika ne bi postojala, ili bi izgledala vrlo drugačije, u uvjetima u kojima bi proizvodnja bila organizirana oko ljudskih potreba i dobrobiti i u kojima tvrtke nisu bile prisiljene težiti profitu i rastu kao temeljnim ciljevima.

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2) Bolesti pogoršane patentnim režimima

Kriza AIDS-a koja je zahvatila južnu Afriku tijekom 90-ih godina pokrenula je jedan od najintenzivnijih i najdugotrajnijih događaja masovne smrtnosti u modernoj povijesti. Antiretrovirusni lijekovi odobreni su 1987., ali zakoni o patentima koji su osmišljeni kako bi povećali profit američkih farmaceutskih tvrtki spriječili su proizvodnju ili uvoz pristupačnih generičkih inačica do 2003. Ta su ograničenja dovela do milijuna smrti koje su se mogle spriječiti uz minimalne troškove, jednostavnim politikama koje bi omogućile razmjenu znanja i trgovinu generičkim lijekovima. Nešto slično dogodilo se tijekom pandemije COVID-19, kada su patenti na cjepiva spriječili brzo širenje u zemlje s nižim prihodima, ostavljajući milijarde ljudi ranjivima, stvarajući izvanredne nejednakosti u pristupu cjepivu i opet dovodeći do smrti koje su se lako mogle spriječiti.

3) Zanemarene tropske bolesti

Zanemarene tropske bolesti uobičajene su u većem dijelu globalnog juga, pogađaju više od milijardu ljudi i uzrokuju oko milijun smrti godišnje. Postignut je mali napredak u razvoju lijekova za te bolesti jer je većina oboljelih pacijenata siromašna i nije isplativo to učiniti. Farmaceutska industrija - u kojoj je proizvodnja organizirana prvenstveno oko onoga što je najprofitabilnije, a ne oko onoga što je najpotrebnije za dobrobit ljudi - usmjerava svoje napore drugamo. Ta bi se ograničenja mogla prevladati – i mogla bi se postići značajna smanjenja smrtnosti od tropskih bolesti – javnom politikom koja bi osigurala ulaganja u potrebna istraživanja i razvoj.

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4) Glad i pothranjenost

Pristup hrani adekvatnih nutrijenata jedan je od najosnovnijih uvjeta za zdravlje. Osiguranje univerzalnog pristupa ovome ne bi zahtijevalo značajna sredstva, a većina zemalja ima kapacitet da to postigne s lokalnom zemljom i radom. Pod kapitalizmom, međutim, zemlja i prehrambeni sustavi su komodificirani i organizirani oko profita, a pristup hrani je općenito ograničen plaćama ljudi u odnosu na cijene. Od 2020. godine 2,4 milijarde ljudi živi u nedostatku hrane, a 3,3 milijarde ne može si priuštiti primjerenu prehranu, što dovodi do visokih stopa poremećaja tjelesne mase i zdravlja. Ova se kriza može okončati jednostavnim javnim sustavima opskrbe. Na primjer, Kuba jamči univerzalni pristup osnovnim prehrambenim potrebama i kao rezultat toga ima jednu od najnižih stopa smrtnosti od pothranjenosti u svijetu; nižu nego u mnogim bogatim zemljama, uključujući SAD, Kanadu i Francusku. 

5) Smrtnost povezana sa siromaštvom

Dug i zdrav očekivani životni vijek zahtijeva pristup osnovnim dobrima i uslugama kao što su stanovanje, sanitarni uvjeti i zdravstvena skrb. Ipak, danas više od dvije milijarde ljudi nema pristojan smještaj, 3,5 milijardi nema sigurno održavane sanitarne uvjete, a do pet milijardi nema pristup osnovnim zdravstvenim uslugama. U mnogim zemljama, uključujući napredna gospodarstva kao što su SAD i Britanija, komodifikacija zdravstvene skrbi i stanovanja onemogućuje priuštiv pristup za mnoge ljude iz radničke klase. Na globalnom jugu, programi strukturne prilagodbe - koje su tijekom proteklih nekoliko desetljeća nametnuli akteri poput MMF-a i Svjetske banke - ograničili su razvoj javnih usluga ili privatizirali postojeće, kao dio nastojanja da se proizvodnja preusmjeri na opsluživanje globalnih robnih lanaca. Kao rezultat toga, među pogođenim stanovništvom zdravstveni ishodi i dalje su loši. Ovdje je riječ o umjetnim nestašicama koje bi se mogle okončati mobilizacijom proizvodnih kapaciteta za pružanje podrške visokokvalitetnim javnim uslugama za sve.

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6) Bolesti u vezi s radom

Mnoge "bolesti modernog doba" - uključujući one kardiovaskularne, probleme mentalnog zdravlja i druge bolesti povezane sa stresom - posljedica su nezaposlenosti, nesigurnog zaposlenja, prekomjernog rada te nedostatka autonomije i kontrole na radnom mjestu. Ovi problemi često su uzrokovani strukturom ekonomskog sustava. Akumulacija kapitala teži određenoj stopi strukturne nezaposlenosti, djelomično kako bi se zadržao pritisak na smanjenje plaća. Nesigurni ugovori su se umnožili pod režimima neoliberalne deregulacije, dok je prekomjerni rad često vođen profitom i imperativima rasta tvrtki, koje nastoje iz radnika iscijediti što je više moguće proizvodnje. Svi ovi problemi mogli bi se riješiti temeljnim načelima ekonomske demokracije, pri čemu bi se manje potrebni oblici proizvodnje mogli smanjiti, potrebna radna snaga ravnomjernije podijeliti, a javno jamstvo za posao moglo bi osigurati univerzalni pristup društveno korisnim poslovima, uz demokratske uvjete i dostatne plaće.

7) Zdravstvene razlike u rasi i spolu

Težnja kapitala da pojeftini rad dugo je iskorištavala ideologiju rasizma kako bi opravdala supereksploataciju ranjivih ili potlačenih frakcija društva, posebno na "periferijama" svjetskog sustava. To izravno utječe na zdravstvene ishode tih zajednica, a također rezultira ekstremnim razlikama u plaćama. Primjerice, radnici na globalnom jugu su u prosjeku plaćeni 87-95 posto manje od radnika na globalnom sjeveru, za jednake vještine. Rasne zdravstvene nejednakosti - kako unutar zemalja tako i između njih - mogu se velikim dijelom pripisati ovoj dinamici. Kapital se također oslanja na neplaćeni reproduktivni ili skrbnički rad, koji uglavnom obavljaju žene, i ka tome cilju koristi patrijarhalne ideologije. Ovakav aranžman, zajedno sa prekomjernom eksploatacijom žena u plaćenom radu, dovodi do velikih rodnih razlika u prihodima, ograničava kontrolu žena nad vlastitim tijelom i ograničava im pristup potrebnim zdravstvenim uslugama.

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8) Učinci klimatskih promjena na zdravlje

Općoj ekološkoj degradaciji koju upravo doživljavamo su najviše doprinijeli imperativi rasta, orijentacija na profit te pritisci da se pojeftini priroda i eksternaliziraju ekološki troškovi. Krupni kapital također priječi brzu energetsku tranziciju, financirajući ulaganja u fosilna goriva - jer su ona obično isplativija od obnovljivih alternativa. I dok su bogate zapadne zemlje u velikoj većini odgovorne za izazivanje klimatskih sloma, štete i negativni zdravstveni učinci najteže pogađaju manjinske zajednice i globalni jug.

Autori ne tvrde da poboljšanja u zdravstvenim ishodima nisu postignuta unutar kapitalizma niti da drugi političko-ekonomski aranžmani ne ishode specifične malformacije javnog zdravstva. Međutim, osnovno načelo medicinske znanosti bi trebalo biti da se bolesti moraju imenovati i razumjeti prije nego što se mogu pravilno tretirati. Koncept kapitalogene bolesti omogućuje razmišljanje o društvenim odrednicama na specifičniji način, s preciznijom etiologijom i patogenezom.

Na žalost čovječanstva, liječenje kapitalogenih bolesti nije "profitabilno" pošto liječi ljudski rod od bolesti - profita. 

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[menu-meta_keywords] => vijesti, zanimljivosti, savjeti, showbiz, trend, društvena mreža, život, zdravlje, moda, ljepota, putovanja, tehnologija, gastro, dom, obitelj, karijera, viral [secure] => 0 [obituaries_portal] => 0 [page_title] => Panorama [page_description] => SiteMeta Description [page_rights] => [robots] => [inheritFrom] => 0 [num_leading_items] => 2 [num_leading_columns] => 1 [leadingImgSize] => Large [num_primary_items] => 4 [num_primary_columns] => 2 [primaryImgSize] => Medium [num_secondary_items] => 4 [num_secondary_columns] => 1 [secondaryImgSize] => Small [num_links] => 4 [num_links_columns] => 1 [linksImgSize] => XSmall [catCatalogMode] => 0 [catFeaturedItems] => 1 [catOrdering] => publishUp [catPagination] => 2 [catPaginationResults] => 1 [catTitle] => 1 [catTitleItemCounter] => 1 [catDescription] => 1 [catImage] => 1 [catFeedLink] => 0 [catFeedIcon] => 0 [subCategories] => 1 [subCatColumns] => 2 [subCatTitle] => 1 [subCatTitleItemCounter] => 1 [subCatDescription] => 1 [subCatImage] => 1 [catItemTitle] => 1 [catItemTitleLinked] => 1 [catItemFeaturedNotice] => 0 [catItemAuthor] => 1 [catItemDateCreated] => 1 [catItemRating] => 0 [catItemImage] => 1 [catItemIntroText] => 1 [catItemExtraFields] => 0 [catItemHits] => 0 [catItemCategory] => 1 [catItemTags] => 1 [catItemAttachments] => 0 [catItemAttachmentsCounter] => 0 [catItemVideo] => 0 [catItemVideoAutoPlay] => 0 [catItemImageGallery] => 0 [catItemDateModified] => 0 [catItemReadMore] => 1 [catItemCommentsAnchor] => 1 [catItemOCMPlugins] => 1 [itemDateCreated] => 1 [itemTitle] => 1 [itemFeaturedNotice] => 1 [itemAuthor] => 1 [itemFontResizer] => 1 [itemPrintButton] => 0 [itemEmailButton] => 1 [itemSocialButton] => 1 [itemVideoAnchor] => 1 [itemImageGalleryAnchor] => 1 [itemCommentsAnchor] => 1 [itemRating] => 0 [itemImage] => 1 [itemImgSize] => Large [itemImageMainCaption] => 1 [itemImageMainCredits] => 1 [itemIntroText] => 0 [itemFullText] => 1 [itemExtraFields] => 1 [itemDateModified] => 1 [itemHits] => 0 [itemCategory] => 0 [itemTags] => 1 [itemAttachments] => 1 [itemAttachmentsCounter] => 1 [itemVideo] => 1 [itemVideoAutoPlay] => 0 [itemVideoCaption] => 1 [itemVideoCredits] => 1 [itemImageGallery] => 0 [itemNavigation] => 0 [itemComments] => 1 [itemTwitterButton] => 1 [itemFacebookButton] => 1 [itemGooglePlusOneButton] => 1 [itemAuthorBlock] => 0 [itemAuthorImage] => 0 [itemAuthorDescription] => 0 [itemAuthorURL] => 0 [itemAuthorEmail] => 0 [itemAuthorLatest] => 0 [itemAuthorLatestLimit] => 5 [itemRelated] => 1 [itemRelatedLimit] => 2 [itemRelatedTitle] => 1 [itemRelatedCategory] => 1 [itemRelatedImageSize] => Medium [itemRelatedIntrotext] => 0 [itemRelatedFulltext] => 0 [itemRelatedAuthor] => 0 [itemRelatedMedia] => 1 [itemRelatedImageGallery] => 1 [itemOCMPlugins] => 1 [recaptcha] => ) [initialized:protected] => 1 [separator] => . ) [metadesc] => [metadata] => robots= author= title=Kapitalizam vas želi ubiti na mnogo načina. Donosimo njih osam, a vaš život je u opasnosti u barem ove dvije kategorije page_title=Kapitalizam vas želi ubiti na mnogo načina. Donosimo njih osam, a vaš život je u opasnosti u barem ove dvije kategorije [metakey] => hickel, singh, kapitalogen, bolesti, PROFIT, tržište, glad, siromaštvo, patenti, komodifikacija [plugins] => {"incptvocmimagegalleryIGParameters":"default","incptvocmimagegalleryocmIGposition":"OcmAfterDisplayContent","incptvocmimagegalleryocmIGtheme":"CameraSlideshow","incptvocmimagegalleryImages":["\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26331342.png","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384777.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384774.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384777.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384763.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384755.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384754.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384746.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384740.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384737.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384730.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26384728.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26965922.jpg","\/images\/slike\/2024\/01\/08\/26965913.jpg"],"incptvocmimagegalleryImageTitles":["shutterstock photo","Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/Nurphoto Via Afp","Sony Ramany\/Nurphoto Via Afp","Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/Nurphoto Via Afp","Simon Wohlfahrt\/Afp","Ziaul Haque\/Nurphoto Via Afp","Rami Al Sayed\/Afp","Syed Mahamudur Rahman\/Nurphoto Via Afp","Shafiullah Kakar\/Afp","Sanaullah Seiam\/Afp","Mohammed Hamoud\/Anadolu Via Afp","Joaquin Sarmiento\/Afp","\/Shutterstock","\/Shutterstock"],"incptvocmimagegalleryImageDescriptions":["","

A child works in the brickfield in Dhaka, Bagladesh, on November 21, 2018. (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/NurPhoto) (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/NurPhoto\/NurPhoto via AFP)<\/p>","

A child worker breaks bricks in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2019. (Photo by Sony Ramany\/NurPhoto) (Photo by Sony Ramany\/NurPhoto\/NurPhoto via AFP)<\/p>","

A child works in the brickfield in Dhaka, Bagladesh, on November 21, 2018. (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/NurPhoto) (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu\/NurPhoto\/NurPhoto via AFP)<\/p>","

Salif Uwiringiyimana, eight years old is using a hoe to plow a field in Rulindo district, northern province of Rwanda on November 7, 2020. Salif is working with his grandmother until his class will resume next November 23. As pupils have gradually started going back to school since November 2,2020 after seven months\u2018 interruption, many children are not able to return to school because of an increase of poverty. Ellie\u2018s parents have no longer the income to afford his school fees. The covid-19 crisis impacted the economy and increased poverty. In 2019 Rwanda had an economic growth of 10% (World Bank) and was in the top 5 worldwide of the fastest-growing economy. But According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Rwanda\u2018s economic growth will go down to 2% in 2020. (Photo by Simon Wohlfahrt\/AFP)<\/p>","

A child labour working in a local garment factory (RMG) outtake the capital Dhaka, Bangladesh on February 28, 2023. (Photo by Ziaul Haque\/NurPhoto) (Photo by Ziaul Haque\/NurPhoto\/NurPhoto via AFP)<\/p>","

A young Syrian boy working at a machine repair shop, shows his oil-stained hands, in the town of Jandaris, in the countryside of the northwestern city of Afrin in the rebel-held part of Aleppo province, on June 11, 2022, a day before the annual World Day Against Child Labour. (Photo by Rami al SAYED\/AFP)<\/p>","

Shohel (12) works at a metal workshop in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on September 13, 2023, earning a monthly income ranging from 20 to 25 USD after putting in 8 to 12 hours of hard labor each day. According to the National Child Labour Survey of 2022, a troubling trend is evident, with child labor in Bangladesh increasing by 4.5 percent over the past decade. (Photo by Syed Mahamudur Rahman\/NurPhoto) (Photo by Syed Mahamudur Rahman\/NurPhoto\/NurPhoto via AFP)<\/p>","

Afghan girls work at a brick kiln in Surkh Rod district in the north of Nangarhar Province on June 13, 2023. (Photo by Shafiullah KAKAR\/AFP)<\/p>","

An Afghan boy works at a brick kiln in Dand district, Kandahar Province, on May 23, 2023. (Photo by Sanaullah SEIAM\/AFP)<\/p>","

SANAA, YEMEN - DECEMBER 13: A Yemeni child, suffering from malnutrition, receives treatment with limited resources in the Department of Combating Malnutrition at Sabeen Hospital in Sanaa, Yemen on December 13, 2022. Millions of people will face hunger unless urgent action is taken in Yemen, which is in the grip of a humanitarian crisis brought on by a civil war that has lasted more than seven years, according to the United Nations Children\u2018s Fund (UNICEF). Mohammed Hamoud\/Anadolu Agency (Photo by Mohammed Hamoud\/ANADOLU AGENCY\/Anadolu via AFP)<\/p>","

Wilmer Epieyu, a seven-year-old indigenous Wayuu boy who suffered of child malnutrition, is weighted during a Food Bank program brigade at the Witka community near Manaure, in the department of La Guajira, Colombia on February 24, 2023. La Guajira, a largely desert department home to the Indigenous Wayuu people, had an under-five mortality rate in 2021 of 21 per 1,000 births, according to official data. (Photo by JOAQUIN SARMIENTO\/AFP)<\/p>","

Female student doctor with stethoscope and books in hand on the background of the stack of Euro banknotes. Medical education concept. Expensive medical learning<\/p>","

Hundred dollar bill covered with colorful medical pills. Money, healthcare and drug trafficking concept. 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Salif Uwiringiyimana, eight years old is using a hoe to plow a field in Rulindo district, northern province of Rwanda on November 7, 2020. Salif is working with his grandmother until his class will resume next November 23. As pupils have gradually started going back to school since November 2,2020 after seven months‘ interruption, many children are not able to return to school because of an increase of poverty. Ellie‘s parents have no longer the income to afford his school fees. The covid-19 crisis impacted the economy and increased poverty. In 2019 Rwanda had an economic growth of 10% (World Bank) and was in the top 5 worldwide of the fastest-growing economy. But According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Rwanda‘s economic growth will go down to 2% in 2020. (Photo by Simon Wohlfahrt/AFP)

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Afghan girls work at a brick kiln in Surkh Rod district in the north of Nangarhar Province on June 13, 2023. (Photo by Shafiullah KAKAR/AFP)

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SANAA, YEMEN - DECEMBER 13: A Yemeni child, suffering from malnutrition, receives treatment with limited resources in the Department of Combating Malnutrition at Sabeen Hospital in Sanaa, Yemen on December 13, 2022. Millions of people will face hunger unless urgent action is taken in Yemen, which is in the grip of a humanitarian crisis brought on by a civil war that has lasted more than seven years, according to the United Nations Children‘s Fund (UNICEF). Mohammed Hamoud/Anadolu Agency (Photo by Mohammed Hamoud/ANADOLU AGENCY/Anadolu via AFP)

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Wilmer Epieyu, a seven-year-old indigenous Wayuu boy who suffered of child malnutrition, is weighted during a Food Bank program brigade at the Witka community near Manaure, in the department of La Guajira, Colombia on February 24, 2023. La Guajira, a largely desert department home to the Indigenous Wayuu people, had an under-five mortality rate in 2021 of 21 per 1,000 births, according to official data. (Photo by JOAQUIN SARMIENTO/AFP)

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Ljudi često pretpostavljaju da je kapitalizam generički sustav proizvodnje, trgovine i distribucije sredstava. Ali on je, naravno, mnogo više od toga. Jer, svaki socioekonomski sistem je, u stvari, sama matrica društvene stvarnosti, po čijoj se mreži sudionici kreću, na kojoj se nastanjuju, unutar koje hvataju plijen i u kojoj se koprcaju.

Kako bi utvrdili efekte koje kapitalizam nameće njegovim konzumentima na samoj egzistencijalnoj bazi - onoj zdravstvenoj - istraživači Guddi Singh sa King‘s College u Londonu i Jason Hickel sa Sveučilišta u Barceloni su prvo definirali nekoliko njegovih ključnih značajki. Prvo, on je nedemokratski jer proizvodnju (i raspodjelu viška) uglavnom određuje bogata elita, koja kontrolira većinu investicijskih sredstava, imovine i bira direktore poduzeća. Drugo, unutar ovog sustava svrha proizvodnje nije prvenstveno zadovoljiti ljudske potrebe ili poboljšati društvene rezultate, već maksimizirati rast, profit i akumulaciju. Treće, s obzirom na usredotočenost na profite i akumulaciju, postoji stalni pritisak da se "pojeftine" inputi - posebno rad i priroda - smanjivanjem plaća i cijena resursa, uz eksternalizaciju društvenih i ekoloških šteta.

U svom radu "Kapitalogena bolest: društvene odrednice u fokusu" znanstvenici se referiraju na povijesnog geografa Jasona Moorea, koji je upotrijebio pojam kapitalogena kako bi precizirao da ekološka kriza s kojom se trenutno suočavamo nije samo prirodni fenomen ili problem uzrokovan generičkom ljudskom aktivnošću, već je proizveden kapitalističkim sustavom proizvodnje i procesima akumulacije kapitala. 

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Singh i Hickel su pak odlučili ovaj izraz testirati u domeni medicinskih dijagnoza i zdravstvene nejednakosti. Ilustrirali su svoje teorije na osam konkretnih primjera.

1) Bolesti povezane s korporativnim promoviranjem štetnih proizvoda

Dobro je poznato da je duhanska industrija - osobito prije 1990-ih - težila maksimiziranju rasta i profita pribjegavanjem agresivnim marketinškim tehnikama, pokušajima poticanja ovisnosti o svojim proizvodima i lobiranjem protiv vladinih propisa, sve do točke povećanja prevalencija raka i srodnih bolesti. Sličnu taktiku koriste tvrtke koje promoviraju slatku ili visoko prerađenu hranu, što može pogoršati prevalenciju dijabetesa te drugih metaboličkih i kardiovaskularnih problema. Važno je primijetiti da je komercijalno ponašanje o kojemu je riječ ovdje organizirano isključivo oko ciljeva akumulacije kapitala. Ta dinamika ne bi postojala, ili bi izgledala vrlo drugačije, u uvjetima u kojima bi proizvodnja bila organizirana oko ljudskih potreba i dobrobiti i u kojima tvrtke nisu bile prisiljene težiti profitu i rastu kao temeljnim ciljevima.

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2) Bolesti pogoršane patentnim režimima

Kriza AIDS-a koja je zahvatila južnu Afriku tijekom 90-ih godina pokrenula je jedan od najintenzivnijih i najdugotrajnijih događaja masovne smrtnosti u modernoj povijesti. Antiretrovirusni lijekovi odobreni su 1987., ali zakoni o patentima koji su osmišljeni kako bi povećali profit američkih farmaceutskih tvrtki spriječili su proizvodnju ili uvoz pristupačnih generičkih inačica do 2003. Ta su ograničenja dovela do milijuna smrti koje su se mogle spriječiti uz minimalne troškove, jednostavnim politikama koje bi omogućile razmjenu znanja i trgovinu generičkim lijekovima. Nešto slično dogodilo se tijekom pandemije COVID-19, kada su patenti na cjepiva spriječili brzo širenje u zemlje s nižim prihodima, ostavljajući milijarde ljudi ranjivima, stvarajući izvanredne nejednakosti u pristupu cjepivu i opet dovodeći do smrti koje su se lako mogle spriječiti.

3) Zanemarene tropske bolesti

Zanemarene tropske bolesti uobičajene su u većem dijelu globalnog juga, pogađaju više od milijardu ljudi i uzrokuju oko milijun smrti godišnje. Postignut je mali napredak u razvoju lijekova za te bolesti jer je većina oboljelih pacijenata siromašna i nije isplativo to učiniti. Farmaceutska industrija - u kojoj je proizvodnja organizirana prvenstveno oko onoga što je najprofitabilnije, a ne oko onoga što je najpotrebnije za dobrobit ljudi - usmjerava svoje napore drugamo. Ta bi se ograničenja mogla prevladati – i mogla bi se postići značajna smanjenja smrtnosti od tropskih bolesti – javnom politikom koja bi osigurala ulaganja u potrebna istraživanja i razvoj.

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4) Glad i pothranjenost

Pristup hrani adekvatnih nutrijenata jedan je od najosnovnijih uvjeta za zdravlje. Osiguranje univerzalnog pristupa ovome ne bi zahtijevalo značajna sredstva, a većina zemalja ima kapacitet da to postigne s lokalnom zemljom i radom. Pod kapitalizmom, međutim, zemlja i prehrambeni sustavi su komodificirani i organizirani oko profita, a pristup hrani je općenito ograničen plaćama ljudi u odnosu na cijene. Od 2020. godine 2,4 milijarde ljudi živi u nedostatku hrane, a 3,3 milijarde ne može si priuštiti primjerenu prehranu, što dovodi do visokih stopa poremećaja tjelesne mase i zdravlja. Ova se kriza može okončati jednostavnim javnim sustavima opskrbe. Na primjer, Kuba jamči univerzalni pristup osnovnim prehrambenim potrebama i kao rezultat toga ima jednu od najnižih stopa smrtnosti od pothranjenosti u svijetu; nižu nego u mnogim bogatim zemljama, uključujući SAD, Kanadu i Francusku. 

5) Smrtnost povezana sa siromaštvom

Dug i zdrav očekivani životni vijek zahtijeva pristup osnovnim dobrima i uslugama kao što su stanovanje, sanitarni uvjeti i zdravstvena skrb. Ipak, danas više od dvije milijarde ljudi nema pristojan smještaj, 3,5 milijardi nema sigurno održavane sanitarne uvjete, a do pet milijardi nema pristup osnovnim zdravstvenim uslugama. U mnogim zemljama, uključujući napredna gospodarstva kao što su SAD i Britanija, komodifikacija zdravstvene skrbi i stanovanja onemogućuje priuštiv pristup za mnoge ljude iz radničke klase. Na globalnom jugu, programi strukturne prilagodbe - koje su tijekom proteklih nekoliko desetljeća nametnuli akteri poput MMF-a i Svjetske banke - ograničili su razvoj javnih usluga ili privatizirali postojeće, kao dio nastojanja da se proizvodnja preusmjeri na opsluživanje globalnih robnih lanaca. Kao rezultat toga, među pogođenim stanovništvom zdravstveni ishodi i dalje su loši. Ovdje je riječ o umjetnim nestašicama koje bi se mogle okončati mobilizacijom proizvodnih kapaciteta za pružanje podrške visokokvalitetnim javnim uslugama za sve.

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6) Bolesti u vezi s radom

Mnoge "bolesti modernog doba" - uključujući one kardiovaskularne, probleme mentalnog zdravlja i druge bolesti povezane sa stresom - posljedica su nezaposlenosti, nesigurnog zaposlenja, prekomjernog rada te nedostatka autonomije i kontrole na radnom mjestu. Ovi problemi često su uzrokovani strukturom ekonomskog sustava. Akumulacija kapitala teži određenoj stopi strukturne nezaposlenosti, djelomično kako bi se zadržao pritisak na smanjenje plaća. Nesigurni ugovori su se umnožili pod režimima neoliberalne deregulacije, dok je prekomjerni rad često vođen profitom i imperativima rasta tvrtki, koje nastoje iz radnika iscijediti što je više moguće proizvodnje. Svi ovi problemi mogli bi se riješiti temeljnim načelima ekonomske demokracije, pri čemu bi se manje potrebni oblici proizvodnje mogli smanjiti, potrebna radna snaga ravnomjernije podijeliti, a javno jamstvo za posao moglo bi osigurati univerzalni pristup društveno korisnim poslovima, uz demokratske uvjete i dostatne plaće.

7) Zdravstvene razlike u rasi i spolu

Težnja kapitala da pojeftini rad dugo je iskorištavala ideologiju rasizma kako bi opravdala supereksploataciju ranjivih ili potlačenih frakcija društva, posebno na "periferijama" svjetskog sustava. To izravno utječe na zdravstvene ishode tih zajednica, a također rezultira ekstremnim razlikama u plaćama. Primjerice, radnici na globalnom jugu su u prosjeku plaćeni 87-95 posto manje od radnika na globalnom sjeveru, za jednake vještine. Rasne zdravstvene nejednakosti - kako unutar zemalja tako i između njih - mogu se velikim dijelom pripisati ovoj dinamici. Kapital se također oslanja na neplaćeni reproduktivni ili skrbnički rad, koji uglavnom obavljaju žene, i ka tome cilju koristi patrijarhalne ideologije. Ovakav aranžman, zajedno sa prekomjernom eksploatacijom žena u plaćenom radu, dovodi do velikih rodnih razlika u prihodima, ograničava kontrolu žena nad vlastitim tijelom i ograničava im pristup potrebnim zdravstvenim uslugama.

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8) Učinci klimatskih promjena na zdravlje

Općoj ekološkoj degradaciji koju upravo doživljavamo su najviše doprinijeli imperativi rasta, orijentacija na profit te pritisci da se pojeftini priroda i eksternaliziraju ekološki troškovi. Krupni kapital također priječi brzu energetsku tranziciju, financirajući ulaganja u fosilna goriva - jer su ona obično isplativija od obnovljivih alternativa. I dok su bogate zapadne zemlje u velikoj većini odgovorne za izazivanje klimatskih sloma, štete i negativni zdravstveni učinci najteže pogađaju manjinske zajednice i globalni jug.

Autori ne tvrde da poboljšanja u zdravstvenim ishodima nisu postignuta unutar kapitalizma niti da drugi političko-ekonomski aranžmani ne ishode specifične malformacije javnog zdravstva. Međutim, osnovno načelo medicinske znanosti bi trebalo biti da se bolesti moraju imenovati i razumjeti prije nego što se mogu pravilno tretirati. Koncept kapitalogene bolesti omogućuje razmišljanje o društvenim odrednicama na specifičniji način, s preciznijom etiologijom i patogenezom.

Na žalost čovječanstva, liječenje kapitalogenih bolesti nije "profitabilno" pošto liječi ljudski rod od bolesti - profita. 

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shutterstock photo Kazi Salahuddin Razu/Nurphoto Via Afp Sony Ramany/Nurphoto Via Afp Kazi Salahuddin Razu/Nurphoto Via Afp Simon Wohlfahrt/Afp Ziaul Haque/Nurphoto Via Afp Rami Al Sayed/Afp Syed Mahamudur Rahman/Nurphoto Via Afp Shafiullah Kakar/Afp Sanaullah Seiam/Afp Mohammed Hamoud/Anadolu Via Afp Joaquin Sarmiento/Afp /Shutterstock /Shutterstock
Kazi Salahuddin Razu/Nurphoto Via Afp

A child works in the brickfield in Dhaka, Bagladesh, on November 21, 2018. (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu/NurPhoto) (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu/NurPhoto/NurPhoto via AFP)
Sony Ramany/Nurphoto Via Afp

A child worker breaks bricks in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2019. (Photo by Sony Ramany/NurPhoto) (Photo by Sony Ramany/NurPhoto/NurPhoto via AFP)
Kazi Salahuddin Razu/Nurphoto Via Afp

A child works in the brickfield in Dhaka, Bagladesh, on November 21, 2018. (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu/NurPhoto) (Photo by Kazi Salahuddin Razu/NurPhoto/NurPhoto via AFP)
Simon Wohlfahrt/Afp

Salif Uwiringiyimana, eight years old is using a hoe to plow a field in Rulindo district, northern province of Rwanda on November 7, 2020. Salif is working with his grandmother until his class will resume next November 23. As pupils have gradually started going back to school since November 2,2020 after seven months‘ interruption, many children are not able to return to school because of an increase of poverty. Ellie‘s parents have no longer the income to afford his school fees. The covid-19 crisis impacted the economy and increased poverty. In 2019 Rwanda had an economic growth of 10% (World Bank) and was in the top 5 worldwide of the fastest-growing economy. But According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Rwanda‘s economic growth will go down to 2% in 2020. (Photo by Simon Wohlfahrt/AFP)
Ziaul Haque/Nurphoto Via Afp

A child labour working in a local garment factory (RMG) outtake the capital Dhaka, Bangladesh on February 28, 2023. (Photo by Ziaul Haque/NurPhoto) (Photo by Ziaul Haque/NurPhoto/NurPhoto via AFP)
Rami Al Sayed/Afp

A young Syrian boy working at a machine repair shop, shows his oil-stained hands, in the town of Jandaris, in the countryside of the northwestern city of Afrin in the rebel-held part of Aleppo province, on June 11, 2022, a day before the annual World Day Against Child Labour. (Photo by Rami al SAYED/AFP)
Syed Mahamudur Rahman/Nurphoto Via Afp

Shohel (12) works at a metal workshop in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on September 13, 2023, earning a monthly income ranging from 20 to 25 USD after putting in 8 to 12 hours of hard labor each day. According to the National Child Labour Survey of 2022, a troubling trend is evident, with child labor in Bangladesh increasing by 4.5 percent over the past decade. (Photo by Syed Mahamudur Rahman/NurPhoto) (Photo by Syed Mahamudur Rahman/NurPhoto/NurPhoto via AFP)
Shafiullah Kakar/Afp

Afghan girls work at a brick kiln in Surkh Rod district in the north of Nangarhar Province on June 13, 2023. (Photo by Shafiullah KAKAR/AFP)
Sanaullah Seiam/Afp

An Afghan boy works at a brick kiln in Dand district, Kandahar Province, on May 23, 2023. (Photo by Sanaullah SEIAM/AFP)
Mohammed Hamoud/Anadolu Via Afp

SANAA, YEMEN - DECEMBER 13: A Yemeni child, suffering from malnutrition, receives treatment with limited resources in the Department of Combating Malnutrition at Sabeen Hospital in Sanaa, Yemen on December 13, 2022. Millions of people will face hunger unless urgent action is taken in Yemen, which is in the grip of a humanitarian crisis brought on by a civil war that has lasted more than seven years, according to the United Nations Children‘s Fund (UNICEF). Mohammed Hamoud/Anadolu Agency (Photo by Mohammed Hamoud/ANADOLU AGENCY/Anadolu via AFP)
Joaquin Sarmiento/Afp

Wilmer Epieyu, a seven-year-old indigenous Wayuu boy who suffered of child malnutrition, is weighted during a Food Bank program brigade at the Witka community near Manaure, in the department of La Guajira, Colombia on February 24, 2023. La Guajira, a largely desert department home to the Indigenous Wayuu people, had an under-five mortality rate in 2021 of 21 per 1,000 births, according to official data. (Photo by JOAQUIN SARMIENTO/AFP)
/Shutterstock

Female student doctor with stethoscope and books in hand on the background of the stack of Euro banknotes. Medical education concept. Expensive medical learning
/Shutterstock

Hundred dollar bill covered with colorful medical pills. Money, healthcare and drug trafficking concept. Macro, top down view.
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Panoramasretno!

Kapitalizam vas želi ubiti na mnogo načina. Donosimo njih osam, a vaš život je u opasnosti u barem ove dvije kategorije

Piše Marin Prvan
27. travnja 2024. - 07:21
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PREMIUM
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Ljudi često pretpostavljaju da je kapitalizam generički sustav proizvodnje, trgovine i distribucije sredstava. Ali on je, naravno, mnogo više od toga. Jer, svaki socioekonomski sistem je, u stvari, sama matrica društvene stvarnosti, po čijoj se mreži sudionici kreću, na kojoj se nastanjuju, unutar koje hvataju plijen i u kojoj se koprcaju.

Kako bi utvrdili efekte koje kapitalizam nameće njegovim konzumentima na samoj egzistencijalnoj bazi - onoj zdravstvenoj - istraživači Guddi Singh sa King‘s College u Londonu i Jason Hickel sa Sveučilišta u Barceloni su prvo definirali nekoliko njegovih ključnih značajki. Prvo, on je nedemokratski jer proizvodnju (i raspodjelu viška) uglavnom određuje bogata elita, koja kontrolira većinu investicijskih sredstava, imovine i bira direktore ...

#HICKEL#SINGH#KAPITALOGEN#BOLESTI#PROFIT#TRŽIŠTE#GLAD#SIROMAŠTVO#PATENTI#KOMODIFIKACIJA
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15. svibanj 2024 00:09